New Historicism free essay sample

There are no realities †just understandings (Tyson 286) Power flows from every single social level at untouched (Tyson 287) â€Å"history is neither direct (†¦) nor dynamic (†¦)† (Tyson 287) no widespread soul of an age †consistently resistance (Tyson 287) investigation of history is consistently abstract (Tyson 287) Individual and culture characterize one another (Tyson 287) New historicism applied to writing â€Å"(†¦) the scholarly content and the recorded circumstance from which it rose are similarly significant (†¦)† (Tyson 288) a? â€Å" (†¦) they make each other† (Tyson 289) In this manner New Historicism doesn't view an abstract book as a separated article however needs to find out about the foundation and the lifestyle of the individuals at when it was composed. Social Criticism needs â€Å"(†¦) to make associations between the abstract content, the way of life wherein it rose, and the way of life wherein it is interpreted†. (Tyson 295) New Historicism and Cultural Criticism are difficult to recognize †they vary just in hardly any focuses Differences of Cultural Criticism to New Historicism †¢ increasingly political a? frequently bases on Marxist, women's activist or other political hypotheses ( Tyson 294) particularly intrigued by the mainstream society ( Tyson 294) presence of a high-/low culture which the predominant class chooses ( Tyson 294) New Historical Reading of F. That agethe development of print culture, the rise of the open circle as a mechanism of impact, and the conveyance of information in the United Stateshas been productively concentrated from New Historicist perspectives. So those are the fields that are most straightforwardly impacted by this methodology. At the point when we examine Jerome McGanns paper, youll perceive how it impacts Romantic examinations. Presently the New Historicism wasand this most likely records for its momentous fame and impact in the period generally from the late seventies through the mid ninetieswas a reaction to an expanding feeling of moral ailure in the disconnection of the content as it was supposedly rehearsed in specific types of scholarly examination. Starting with the New Criticism through the time of deconstruction, and the recondite talk of Lacan and others in analysis, there was an inclination far reaching among researchers, particularly more youthful researchers, that some way or another or another, particularly in light of squeezing concerns-post-Vietnam, worries with globalization, worries with the conveyance of intensity and worldwide capitalall of these worries nspired what one can just call a blame complex in scholastic abstract grant and prompted an arrival to history. It was felt that a sort of moral tipping point had been shown up at and that the methods of investigation that had been prospering should have been supplanted by methods of examination in which history and the political ramifications of what one was doing got unmistakable and focal. I need to state that in discussions of this sort theres consistently a lot of sight-seeing, perhaps on the two sides. From numerous points of view its not the case that the purported secluded methodologies truly were separated. Deconstruction in its subsequent age expounded ceaselessly on history and embraced to situate the strategies of deconstruction to a comprehension of history, just to give one model. The New Historicism, then again, manifested a distraction with issues of structure and literary trustworthiness that surely followed from the controls, the methodologies, that went before them. Additionally to an enormous degreeand 1 of 10 03/24/2012 11:47 ?.? PRINT Open Yale Courses http://oyc. yale. edu/transcript/469/engl-300 this is, obviously, valid for a decent numerous different methodologies that were going to research, approaches situated in inquiries of character alsoto a huge degree, appropriated the language of the age of the deconstructionists and, somewhat, certain basic structuralist thoughts having to do with the parallel connection between self nd other, and paired connections among social substances, rather than etymological elements; yet at the same time, as I state, basically acquiring the structure of thought of going before approaches. Along these lines, as I state, it was in a polemical air and at a snapshot of across the board self-question in the scholarly abstract calling that the New Historicism came into its owna reaction, as I state, to the seclusion of the content by specific procedures and ways to deal with it. Section 2. The New Historicist Method and Foucault [00:06:16] Now rapidly: the technique for New Historical examination fell into an example, a connecting with one, one that is brilliantly exemplified by the short presentation of Greenblatt that I have requested that you read: an example of starting with a tale, frequently rather far abroad, in any event clearly rather far away from home, from the abstract issues that are in the end gone to in the contention of a given exposition. For instance: a dusty mill operator was strolling not far off, pondering nothing specifically, when he experienced a bailiff, at that point certain legitimate issues emerge, and by one way or another or another the before you know it were looking at King Lear. This fairly superb, angled path into abstract points was inferable from the splendor in dealing with it of Greenblatt, specifically, and Louis Montrose and a portion of his associates. This method turned into a sort of a sign of the New Historicism. Over the long haul, obviously, it was simple enough to spoof it. It has been exposed to spoof and, from a specific perspective, has been altered and berated by the predominance of satire; however it all things considered, I think, gives you something about the manner in which New Historicist thinking works. The New Historicism is intrigued, following Foucaultand Foucault is the essential effect on the New Historicism. I wont state as much about this today as I would feel obliged to state on the off chance that I werent before long be going to come back to Foucault with regards to sexual orientation contemplates, when we take up Foucault and Judith Butler togetherbut I will say quickly that Foucaults composing, particularly his later composition, is about the inescapability, the dissemination through social requests, of what he calls power. Presently power isn't justor, much of the time in Foucault, not even basically the intensity of vested specialists, the intensity of viciousness, or the intensity of oppression from above. Force in Foucaultthough it very well may be those things and every now and again isis considerably more inescapably and furthermore guilefully the manner by which information flows in a culture: in other words, the manner by which what we think, what we imagine that it is fitting to thinkacceptable thinkingis disseminated by to a great extent inconspicuous powers in an interpersonal organization or a social framework. Force, at the end of the day, in Foucault is from a specific perspective information, or to put it another way, it is the clarification of how certain types of information come to existknowledge, incidentally, not really of something that is valid. Certain types of information come to exist in specific spots. So the entirety of this is vital to crafted by Foucault and is extended by the New Historicists; subsequently the enthusiasm for them of the tales. Start as far abroad as you can comprehensibly begin from what you will at last be discussing, which is most likely some printed or topical issue in Shakespeare or in the Elizabethan masque or whatever the case might be. Start as far abroad as you can from that, accurately so as to show the inescapability of a particular sort of reasoning, the inescapability of a specific social requirement or restriction on opportunity. On the off chance that you can show how unavoidable it is, you fortify and legitimize the Foucauldian thought that force is, as Ive stated, a deceptive and omnipresent method of flowing information. The entirety of this is certain, occasionally express, in New Historicist ways to deal with what they do. 2 of 10 03/24/2012 11:47 ?.? Open Yale Courses http://oyc. yale. edu/transcript/469/engl-300 Chapter 3. The Reciprocal Relationship Between History and Discourse [00:10:56] So as I stated, Foucault is the vital precursor and obviously, when its an issue of Foucault, writing as we need to think about itperhaps conventionally or as a specific sort of articulation instead of different kindsdoes will in general breakdown once more into the more extensive or progressively broad idea of talk, since its by methods for talk that force flows information. By and by, in spite of the way that New Historicism needs to return us to this present reality, it by the by recognizes that that arrival is language bound. It is by methods for language that this present reality shapes itself. That is the reason for the New Historicistand by this implies, Ill turn in a second to the wonderful tale with which Greenblatt starts the concise paper that Ive asked you to readthats for what valid reason the New Historicist lays such exceptional accentuation on the possibility that the connection between discoursecall it writing on the off chance that you like, you ight as welland history is corresponding. Indeed, history conditions what writing can say in a given age. History is a significant method of understanding the valency of particular sorts of expression at specific occasions. As it were, history isas its customarily thought to be by the Old Historicism, and Ill get to that in a minutehistory is a foundation to talk or writing. In any case, by a similar token there is an office, in other words a limit, to flow power in talk thus. Call it writing: I am Richard II, know you not that? says Queen Elizabeth when at the hour of the compromised Essex Uprising she gets wind of the way that Shakespeares Richard II is being performed, as she accepts, in the open avenues and in private houses. As it were, any place there is subversion, any place there are individuals who need to topple her and supplant her with the Earl of Essex, the faker to the seat, Richard II is being performed. All things considered, presently this is startling to Queen Elizabeth since she knowsshes a supporter of the theatershe realizes that Richard II is about a ruler who has numerous ideals however a specific shortcoming, a political

Organic Food †Does It Really Makes a Difference? Essay

 There are expanding banters about whether the natural food truly has any kind of effect. Natural food has been normally observed as better taste, sound, security and condition inviting, yet is it valid? This paper would like to discover the specific finish of that banter, just as consumers’ point of view of natural food, and its impact on accommodation industry. 1. Presentation of Organic Food 1. 1 Definition of Organic Food Organic food has a severe guideline that figures out what sort of food can be marked ‘organic’. As per the Food Safety Authority of Ireland, â€Å"Organic food is the result of a rural cultivating framework that puts a solid accentuation on ecological insurance and creature government assistance. † (Peter, 2006; Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Organic Food, 2004) As well as the natural produce send out advisory group characterized it as â€Å"organic creation accentuates the utilization of sustainable assets, protection of vitality and assets, and conservation of the earth, without the utilization of manufactured composts and pesticides† (Peter, 2006; Organic Produce Export Committee, 2002). In light of the statements, we realize that the natural food has numerous advantages that regular food doesn't have, for example, condition well disposed, solid, no concealed threat, etc. 1. 2 Consumer’s Awareness of Healthy Eating â€Å"Foodborne infection brought about by microbiological risks is a huge and developing general medical issue in Europe and around the world. † (Deborah, Christopher, Patricia, 2003, p. 434). On account of the innovation, by watching the press inclusion from TV and the Internet, overall open consciousness of food quality and sustenance has been improving drastically. An exploration led by Annelies states that â€Å"food has gotten less sheltered, less scrumptious, more costly and surely less solid. † (Annelies, Xavier, Jacques, 2002 p. 615). Accordingly, these days the natural food is getting increasingly more well known far and wide. In addition, as indicated by Aikaterini M (2002, p. 346) â€Å"better taste, resembling home-developed, being liberated from BSE, hereditary adjustment and food added substances are inspirations for purchasing natural food†. It is said that the interest of natural food is developing bit by bit, and now individuals are more ready to purchase natural food as opposed to ordinary food. 2. Discussion of Difference between Organic Food and Conventional Food Now on the grounds that the individuals worry over their sound issue and its connection with food has been strengthened as of late, and liable to turn out to be all the more in this way, it drives incredible numerous articles getting more fixation on expounding on smart dieting style; among these articles, a lot of discussions have been emerged for contending whether the natural food is superior to the traditional food or not. 2. 1 Standpoint of Organic Food Is Better Than Conventional Food Generally, the natural food is more costly than the customary food, yet shoppers despite everything ready to pay a premium for naturally developed items. â€Å"According to the consequences of the natural food buyer study, respondents who guarantee to be a natural food purchaser rank â€Å"healthiness† first, â€Å"taste† second and â€Å"environmentally friendly† third. † (Annelies, et al, 2002, p. 614) 2. 1. 1 Healthiness and Food Safety. Initially, in light of natural food definition, it plainly illuminates its clients that it doesn't utilization of any chemo-engineered manures, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. With respect to food, we can't state all of customary food may contain unsafe substance because of pesticide deposits stay on food, however what can be certain is the traditional food in reality has hazard that danger to wellbeing. (Faidon, Fotini, and Antonis 2006) The danger presumably is less impact for grown-up, yet at the same time may make threat delicate gatherings, for example, children and elderly folks individuals. As a matter of fact, some scientists’ report â€Å"certain pesticide in ordinary food could, over numerous years, raise the danger of malignancy and other malady in people. † (Faidon, et al, 2006, p. 25) The report likewise expresses that the verdant vegetables and organic products with flimsy skin, lettuce and strawberry for instance, are contained substantially more synthetic deposits than different sorts of food. Along these lines, these high-hazard nourishments ought to consistently eat naturally cultivated, or on the season. 2. 1. 2 Taste of Organic Food. Furthermore, another discussion point that shows improvement over different kinds of food, the article, composed by Laurence and Stacey (2002), said the case that all natural food taste better than ordinary food is anything but a legitimate one. In view of his examination, the natural squeezed orange proves it has a superior taste, however his exploration likewise shows that there is no distinction in taste by looks at the natural milk and ordinary milk. Any reasonable person would agree not all of natural nourishments taste superior to traditional food sources, yet after all some natural nourishments are extremely more scrumptious than different nourishments. Then again, we ought not overlook the physiological impact. Numerous reports and articles concede that there is an overall conviction that purchasers figure the natural food improves. (Anne, Albert and Clive, 1995; Fotopoulos and Krystalli, 2002; Justin and Jyoti, 2012) It is a lot of enthusiastic conviction. Subsequently, even scarcely any natural nourishments do taste nothing unique, the general ignorant shoppers despite everything taste natural food ‘better’ in light of predisposition of point of view. 2. 1. 3 Environment Friendly Thirdly, as indicated by exist examine, the natural horticulture is seen as amicable for condition and creature government assistance. (Bord 2000; Annelies et al, 2002; Anne et al, 1995; Koen, Joris, and Guido, 2009) According to the report by Bord (2000), the natural cultivating has numerous preferences that the ordinary cultivating has, for example, ensuring the drawn out richness of soils, empowering soil organic movement, preservation of untamed life and characteristic living spaces, etc. Moreover, as the creator referenced above, customers progressively worry to condition issues, which will end up being a pattern of green development in accommodation industry. (Zhang and Jing, 2011) 2. 2 Viewpoint of No Difference between Organic Food and Conventional Food Some exploration call attention to the principle reasons forestall buyers to purchase natural food are absence of accessibility, costly, and fulfillment with ordinary food. (Emma and Tony, 2005; Aikaterini, 2002) Another exploration directed by Faidon, et al (2006), states that natural food likely simply purchasing for genuine feelings of serenity, since they accept natural food makes no perceptible contrasts than regular food. To be all the more explicitly, as the creator referenced over, the sanitation is positioned as the principal reason customers purchasing natural food; however in reality the examination shows that compound buildup stayed level is constrained and adequate in most of customary food. (Faidon, et al, 2006) Even however a few kinds of regular items, for example, strawberry, are contained substantially more concoction buildups than other, yet numerous buyers can be fulfilled by picking other substitutable ordinary item to supplant the perilous food. Then again, the adequate measure of concoction buildups in ordinary food may has least impact on typical people’s wellbeing; at any rate until further notice it is as yet the subject of incredible logical debate. (Faidon, et al, 2006) Additionally, on the grounds that the absence of accessibility of natural food, the shoppers in some cases don't have any alternatives yet pick customary food; accordingly it might doesn't have a perceptible preferred position that the natural food bring, except if purchasers eating natural food just for quite a while. 3. Consumers’ Perspective of Differences between Organic food, Conventional Food and Genetically Modified (GM) Food, and Their Impact on Hospitality Industry Despite loads of researchers contend what they accept or question whether the natural food extremely worth the cash or not, and regardless of what number of inquired about information they used to help their view, clueless customers consistently are the significant gathering who judge the natural food dependent on their own insight and viewpoint. The presence of mind discloses to them the nature items are consistently the most secure for individual. Additionally, in contrast to the customary food and GM food, the natural food gives a perfect mark and effortlessly comprehended fixing list. Interestingly, the primary picture of consumer’s point of view of customary food is that it employments of chemo-engineered manures, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. In spite of the fact that the customary food has numerous favorable circumstances that the natural food doesn't have, for example, modest, huge, in every case broadly accessible, and less constrained item run, however these points of interest are for the most part exceptionally depended on destructive substance (modest quantity). Then again, the GM food likewise doesn't give customers any better trust in sanitation and quality. Truth be told, in view of research, most of shoppers have negative disposition towards GM food since they don't have precisely information to know how GM food being delivered. (Annelies, and Jacques, 2003) Hence, comparable to consumers’ viewpoint, natural food truly makes distinction, by reason of individuals can guarantee there is no hazard in nourishments, particularly guarantee the sanitation for delicate gathering, for example, babies, pregnant ladies, more established individuals, etc. These days, the expanding purchasers pick natural item, yet in addition the eateries and lodgings have understood that the mark of ‘organic’ is carry chances to them. In light of the examination by Zhang and Jing (2011), an ever increasing number of hoteliers begin to welcome natural food on their menu, so as to serve a fine quality food and pull in clients. An exploration of shopper conduct and buy goal for natural food demonstrates that â€Å"health, accessibility and instruction from segment factors decidedly impact the consumer’s mentality towards purchasing natural food; and the general s

A Study of Step 2 of the 12 Steps Faith

A Study of Step 2 of the 12 Steps Faith More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Many whose lives are impacted by the family disease of alcoholism find hope again once they place their faith in a power greater than themselves. This is Step 2 of the 12 Steps: Step 2 Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity. Many members of Alcoholics Anonymous or Al-Anon Family Groups come into the program with a strong faith in God, and with the encouragement of other members of the fellowship soon learn to apply that faith to the situations in their lives created by alcoholism. With the wisdom provided by the program, the friendship, and support of other members, the healing process begins with the help of a loving God, as they understand him. Agnostics and Atheists and Step 2 Others who are introduced to the 12-step programs are agnostics or atheists, who reject the concept of a deity. Many are turned off by even the mention of the word God and some bristle at even hints of anything spiritual. But, as it says in the book, Alcoholics Anonymous, in the chapter entitled We Agnostics, we beg you to lay aside prejudice... and give the program a chance. The 12-step programs are spiritual, not religious. There is no mention of religious beliefs, doctrine, or dogma in the meetings or in the approved literature. Members are not required to accept someone elses concept of God, only to trust that there is a power greater than themselves however they wish to describe it or understand it. It seems to be a spiritual truth, that before a higher power can begin to operate, one must first believe that it can. You have to believe it, to receive it. Millions of program members through the years, who finally came to believe have found themselves amazed to find that power at work in their lives in seemingly miraculous ways. The Faithful and Step 2 For those who are strong in their religious faith, Step 2 can also present a challenge. If you have a conviction as to the nature of God, it can be disconcerting to hear higher power being used rather than God. You may have difficulty in accepting the nature of that higher power for other members of the group. Hearing that its okay to use a doorknob for a higher power if thats how you understand it, can be hard to accept. You may even find it offensive. However, to give a 12-step program a chance, you need to restrain that reaction and not let it block using the 12-step process. Religious prejudice can get in the way. Experiences of Step 2 Members of various 12-step groups  have shared their experience, strength, and hope on each of the steps. Here are some of their stories. Carol tells of how she was raised in a family who was active in their church. When she attempted sobriety, she returned to her church. Slowly, I found that the God in my religion has a special face he shows only to drunks. And I found Him in the rooms of Alcoholics Anonymous. He is there,  waiting for us to ask for his help. Faith is the foundation of my AA life.Sox was prompted to attend a meeting by reading the This is AA pamphlet. I called one of the major clubs in my area and went to a meeting that night. But it was obvious to me that I had turned to God first, and then took Step 1. I knew that my life was insane and I knew there was a power greater than myself, but until that moment, I had always resented God for butting in where He wasnt wanted. Now I wanted Him, and sure enough, He led me to where I needed to be.Buddy, an Al-Anon member, says, At my first meeting, after reading some of the literature, I made the comment that I had a problem with the higher power references. Af ter that meeting, a long-time member came up to me and said. Im not saying to forget your religious beliefs, but just put them on hold for a while and give Al-Anon a chance. There was great wisdom what she told me. And if she had not taken the time to tell me that, I probably would have never come back and it would have been me who missed out on so much that God had in store for me. All the wisdom, help, friendship, encouragement, and spiritual growth that I have found in Al-Anon, I would have missed because of my own religious prejudices. So, my suggestion to newcomers is the same that I received: put your religious beliefs, or unbelief on hold and give the whole program a chance. Because Al-Anon is not a religious program, but a spiritual one.

Animal Abuse Database Administration System - 2501 Words

.According to the AARDAS (Animal Abuse Database Administration System) the four major causes of animal’s deaths include neglect, shooting, hoarding and fighting, followed by torture and mutation. (Evans 1) The abuse of animals is just one of the main rights that as humans we infiltrate. The ignorance of humans choosing to ignore the rights of innocent animals is drastically affecting our society. â€Å"The assumption that animals are without rights and the illusion that our treatment of them has no moral significance is a positively outrageous example of Western crudity and barbarity. Universal compassion is the only guarantee of morality.† (Author Schopenhauer). Animals have rights, and our society continues to overlook those rights by using them in research, factory farming, and holding them in captivity, and these issues must be addressed with all seriousness for the sake of the animals and our society. The history of animal rights dates back to 1824 when a small group from England formed the society for prevention of cruelty to the animals. (Owen 20) This group was formed in response to animals being forced to participate in bull baiting where dogs fought a tether ball. This act of entertainment ended with the tether ball winning while the dog was defeated and injured. The group managed to get the first couple laws passed forbidding cruel treatment such as bull baiting to animals. This was a milestone in animal rights history, and shortly after, the ASPCA (AmericanShow MoreRelatedAnimal Abuse Database Administration System2467 Words   |  10 PagesAccording to the AARDAS (Animal Abuse Database Administration System) the four major causes of animal’s deaths include neglect, shooting, hoarding and fighting, followed by torture and mutation. (Evans 1) The abuse of animals is just one of the main rights that as humans we infiltrate. 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Fraud Case Study Medicare Claims - 1852 Words

Fraud Case Study: Medicare Claims Carolann Stanek University of Mary Fraud Case Study: Medicare Claims False claims are a parasite to the American health care system resulting in overall higher health care costs. The Department of Justice reported recovering $1.9 billion dollars in fiscal year 2015 from fraudulent and false claims in health care (Department of Justice, 2015). In 2011, fraud and abuse were estimated to add $98 billion to federal spending for Medicare and Medicaid (Furrow, Greaney, Johnson, Stoltzfus Jost, Schwartz, 2015). It is the dollar figures like those listed above, that have necessitated the need for the Office of Inspector General [OIG]. The OIG has the authority to investigate and enforce penalties and†¦show more content†¦Herein, the violations of law governing Medicare, the possible penalties faced and by whom in this office, recommended actions for Sam to take, and safeguards the office may consider putting in place to prevent this from happening in the future in this specific case will be reviewed. Violations of Laws Governing Medicare Criminal Sanctions There are federal health care statutes that federalize fraud violations. A false claim violation includes knowingly making a false statement or representation of material fact or billing for services knowing that the individual that provided the service was not a physician and may warrant charges as a felony or misdemeanor (Furrow, et al., 2015). The Federal Criminal False Claims Act criminalizes knowingly making a false claim to the United States Furrow, et al., 2015). 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Greber the defendant was an osteopathic doctor and had expertise in the area of cardiology. Greber had established a business, Cardio-Med, Inc., to offer diagnostic assistances. Cardio-Med charged Medicare for a number of the services. The United States who was the plaintiff in the case eventually indicted the defendant with Medicare fraud as well as mail fraud. The allegations stemmed after Cardio-Med’s system of giving kickbacks from Medicare moneysRead MoreResearch Paper (Bah Fraud and Larceny)1347 Words   |  6 Pagesoverlooked when they do not| | | |directly involve you. This research project explores the common crimes of | | | |larceny and fraud as it pertains inside the military. | | | |Being able to read, ask about and learn the consequences of a common crime is | | | Read MoreHealth Care Fraud Essay1823 Words   |  8 PagesSummary and Conclusion This study sought to answer three research questions. 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In the Health Care Reform Law which was signed into law by President Barack Obama in March of 2010, require health care providersRead MoreStark Law : The Self Referral Law1238 Words   |  5 PagesStark Law is actually three separate provisions that govern physicians’ self-referrals, mostly for payment by Medicare patients; it is also known as â€Å"the self-referral law.† â€Å"The law is named for United States Congressman Pete Stark, who sponsored the init ial bill (â€Å"STARK LAW,† n.d., para. 1). The first phase became effective on January 1, 1992 (Taromina, 2013, p. 83). It prohibited a physician from referring a patient to a clinical laboratory with which they, or an immediate family member, had aRead MoreHealthcare Fraud1818 Words   |  8 PagesFraud is a serious crime that should concern all parties of the U.S. health care system and is a costly reality that the government cannot overlook. While not all fraud can be prevented, by learning about the many different types of fraud, patients can be educated on how to protect themselves from fraud. If we use government programs to inform the public that they can be targeted, the dollar amount for these cases for fraud can be reduced. An informed public and a properly funded FBI will go aRead MoreEssay about Health Care Fraud2076 Words   |  9 PagesHealth Care Fraud: The typically overlooked crime of healthcare fraud has resulted in a significant monetary loss on the part of the American public paying into government run medical programs, as well as private insurance company programs. Historically, we have seen that in any instance where money is involved people have found ways to or at least have attempted to obtain it illegally. Some do it through overt acts of violence such as a robbery. Others choose more covert ways of illegally obtainingRead MoreThe Healthsouth Fraud And Internal And External Audit Failure3212 Words   |  13 Pages The HealthSouth Fraud: An In-Depth Analysis of the Fraudulent Activities and the Internal and External Audit Failure HealthSouth Corporation is one of the U.S.?s largest healthcare companies and is the biggest owner and operator of inpatient rehabilitative hospitals. The present CEO, Richard Scrushy, founded this Fortune 500 company in 1984. It expanded tremendously in the 1990s and received most of its revenue through Medicare. By 1993, it became the largest rehabilitation services company.

Black Economic Structure Free Essays

1) Malcolm X spent much of his life fighting for equal rights for African Americans. Like others, Malcolm suffered from discrimination, economic suppression, and violent acts at the hands of the whites. Throughout his life, he could not escape the atmosphere of racial prejudices, as it existed everywhere from his welfare agencies to school and his family relationships. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Economic Structure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although some form of equality exists today, many African Americans males are still continuously trying to establish themselves in society. As a young boy Malcolm participated in activities where he experienced little freedom. Malcolm was ranked number one in his class and elected class president, which shows that the school system allowed him to succeed to an extent. Malcolm had a dream of becoming a lawyer, but his English teacher quickly rejected his dream and told him he should become a carpenter, which demonstrated that whites were willing to allow black success only to a certain degree. Malcolm eventually came to an understanding that white society allowed progression when doing so did not threaten the established order of white society. Throughout his life Malcolm was seen as a â€Å"pet, mascot, and pink poodle,† which excluded him from society. He was a black student in a predominantly white school who was like a poodle in a family. He was seen as a submissive creature that represented no real threat to anyone. He was portrayed as white society’s model for how blacks should act, but white society didn’t see him as a human being in his own right. Malcolm realized that no level of accomplishment or esteem would break down the essential barrier to his acceptance and success in society. White oppression stripped him of the power and independence a normal man would experience. Although Malcolm experienced great amounts of discrimination, he was still able to succeed and become Minister Malcolm X and lead many civil rights events. In society today, the prototypical black male experience in America is extremely comparable to the life of Malcolm X. Most black men are looked down on because of the various stereotypes that exist in our society today. Many believe that if black men aren’t athletes or rappers, or if they aren’t washing dishes or waiting tables, they have no purpose in society other than being seen as inferior. Each and every day a black man experiences discrimination, but the black men who have goals and aspirations will be the ones who will make a difference like Malcolm X did. Malcolm lived through a rough time, but he still managed to make it as can every other black man in the world. ) Like Malcolm X, Washington too envied the lives of white dues to the simple fact that there was absolutely no limit placed on his or her dreams and aspirations. During his years of adolescence, Washington was very aware of what it meant to be a black man in a white society. With this knowledge, Washington was very optimistic and assured himself that whatever dreams or goals he would accomplish would be the result of hard work and persistence. Washington wrote, â€Å"I have learned that success is to be measured not so much by the position that one has reached in life as by the obstacles which he has overcome while trying to succeed. Out of the hard and unusual struggle through which he is compelled to pass, he gets a strength, a confidence, that one misses whose pathway is comparatively smooth by reason of birth and race. † (Washington, 1901, p 39). Washington believed that if blacks strove to be impressive and distinctive they would be accepted in society. He believed that being black or any race other than the majority was an advantage because there was a better chance of achievement due to the fact that one would constantly try to overcome any obstacles. He believed that through proof, blacks would be connected with the white society. Alongside assisting African Americans in attaining economic success, Washington also had accomplishments in the field of education, in becoming the first black educator at the Tuskegee Institute. Washington was very concerned about forming connections within both the black and white communities, and achieved his goal. I believe his argument is still valid for those who actually want to make something of themselves in life and are willing to go above and beyond in doing so. Unfortunately black males are not always hardworking and persistent in trying to accomplish a goal. They tend to take the easy way out, and in doing so end up with the mediocre jobs unless they are playing professional sports or apart of an entertainment industry. Like Washington said success comes with overcoming obstacles, and I do not think blacks are willing to overcome the many obstacles they would have to face in order to become established. With the many stereotypes of black men, I do not think success would be as easy for the black man because they are already looked down upon from the beginning. ) In recent years, terms such as crisis, at-risk, insignificant, and endangered have been used with increasing regularity to describe the troubles and conditions of black males. The grounds for using such harsh descriptions of conditions that black males face is provided by a broad range of social and economic indicators, all of which point to the undeniable fact that large numbers o f individuals who fall within these two social categories, black and male, are in deep trouble. Many perceive black men as being violent and aggressive law breakers regardless of their true nature. It doesn’t stop there. Some stereotypes of Blacks include being arrogant, athletic, devious, dirty, dishonest, drug addicts, incompetent, inferior, lazy, unintelligent, noisy, passive, poor, primitive, untrustworthy, and violent, and â€Å"having rhythm. † Some black men have some of the same goals and aspirations as the white man, but they too have a deep fear of rejection due to the discrimination they continue to experience in their daily lives. When the black man continuously gets rejected he is eventually going to subject himself to activities just to make ends meet, or he is going to start to believe the stereotypes set out for him. When you have a large group of black men in a society that rejects them, they are going to feel like they have no chance at success, and therefore they will feel like they have nothing to lose. With nothing to look forward to, they are going to unconsciously want to destroy their surroundings. Throughout Malcolm’s he was seen as inferior, and eventually began to feel more like a â€Å"mascot† or pet than a human being equal to those around him. Malcolm had dreams of becoming a lawyer, but his teacher instead told him he should be a carpenter. One of his Malcolm’s teachers laughs at him and tells the class that â€Å"though the slaves have been freed, black people are still lazy and dumb. † When an adult says something like that to a child, the child is more than likely going to believe the teacher and begin to think of him or herself as being lazy and dumb. If a child begins to believe this negative stereotype, their performance in school could be effected, and cause them to drop out. If they drop out they may begin to deal drugs or commit robberies and end up in jail. Dealing drugs or being incarcerated is the perception whites have for blacks today. Media also has a negative effect on portrayal when it comes to representing an entire race of people. No two people are exactly alike no matter what race they come from so there is no way one film can represent all peoples. Unfortunately, many people believe that a certain depiction of black people characterizes all black people, which is certainly not the case. This is very dangerous because this perpetuates stereotyping and discrimination. Any form of media, whether it be a film, TV show, etc. , black males tend to play the role of the poor black man who lives in poverty and usually belongs to a gang. He usually has no goals, and has a mediocre job if he has one at all. They usually dress in baggy jeans with long shirts or â€Å"hoodies† and wear timberlands or sneakers. In media, blacks aren’t usually portrayed positively, and even if they were, many wouldn’t believe that is how blacks really live their lives. For example, In The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, the Banks family is very well off, but many wouldn’t believe that all blacks are well off because 95% of the time blacks are being potrayed as being a threat to society. 4) LaLee’s Kin: The Legacy of Cotton shows the disadvantaged life of residents living in the Mississippi Delta. The documentary shows how living in poverty and the lack of education still effects the lives of many living in Mississippi even though slavery has been over now for hundreds of years. The main character, Laura Lee (LaLee) Wallace, was an illiterate 62-year-old woman who had been living all her life in Tallahatchie County, Mississippi. She had one surviving son, nine daughters, 38 grandchildren and 15 great-grandchildren. On a daily basis she encountered many difficulties from raising her grandchildren to receiving news about her son continuously being put in jail. LaLee received $494 from her disability benefits and sold home cooked meals to workers at the cotton factory to make more money to keep the children clothed and fed. In the movie LaLee said, â€Å"I cry sometime, I pray sometime, I sing sometime. † LaLee and her grandchildren struggled each day in trying to take care of each other. The images of barefoot children playing on abandoned cars outside dilapidated motor homes, and of families who get water for drinking and washing by filling plastic jugs from a hose were unbelievable because it took you back to the times of slavery when slaves really had to wash themselves with dirty water or walk around barefoot. One of LaLee’s grandchildren, nicknamed Granny was a very attentive and intelligent in school, but her grades began to fall due to the fact that she had household chores and had to care for her younger cousins or siblings which left little time for education. Paralleling LaLee’s struggle was Reggie Barnes, the superintendent of the West Tallahatchie schools, who continuously struggled in trying to raise school standards, bring in qualified teachers and obtain school supplies. If Barnes failed to raise the school from its current Level 1 status to a Level 2, the state of Mississippi has threatened to take over. Barnes and his faculty opposed this because they knew the state would not address the special needs of the children. With the illiteracy of the parents of the families of the children the children most likely will never be able to get a great education which will leave them illiterate when they get older. In LaLee’s family the cycle of living in poverty and lacking education is evident, which makes it seem like slavery still exists to this day. How to cite Black Economic Structure, Papers

Advanced Risk and Uncertainity Management

Question: Describe about the "Mfb Melbourne Fire Brigade". Answer: Introduction This task aims at analyzing the risk assessment in Melbourne Fire Brigade through comparison of models. In addition to that the eventual outcome of fire through probality matrix, risk analysis and risk register are used to explain further on the operations and activies of the fire station. The risk structure break down provides a general summary of the whole organization in stages and easier way. The essentials and challenges in the model are pointed out in the course of the paper. Melbourne fire brigade (mfb) Risks assessment models Fig 1 Systems And Simulation Models Risk levels indicated in the table above form the basis for deciding on whether it is necessary to improve existing controls or introduce new ones , as well as the timing of actions : The strategy to be followed in the risk assessment includes the following steps : Danger Identification Risk valuation according to the possibility of becoming accident and the outcomes of the catastrophe Deduct tolerable The Risk Regulation Strategy must include guidelines for : Combat the risks at base Adapt work to the individual , together with the choice of accessories and techniques of work and production , with a view in particular to getting rid of monotonous and recurring work in order to reduce its effects on overall health . Take into consideration the development of technology . Replace the hazardous by involving minimal risk Adopt procedures that put combined effort protection to the individual . Giving suitable instructions to workers ( Tanaka , Akimoto , Inoue , 2012 ) . This plan should be evaluated routinely to make changes if changes in jobs . The company must have for specifications of the Act with an overview of the final results of the Risk Assessment ; Endeavours should be intended to reduce the risk , determining the necessary investments . Measures to reduce the risk should be carried out in a given period . When the measured risk is associated with extremely harmful consequences , further action will be needed to establish more precisely the likelihood of harm as a basis for determining the need for improved control measures ( Stockstrom Herstatt , 2012 ) . Currently Used Model Is Firebrigade Intervention Model Risk assessment model Fig.2 This model inputs and outputs are : Inputs Initial evaluate and periodically each of the production procedures of the business from a proactive point of view . Analyze modern production processes from model , eliminating hazards at their source Control processes from a precautionary point of view . Remove all of the the dangers which can be technically and monetarily possible , setting up plans to eliminate the dangers that simply cannot be today , it may be the average and long lasting . Establish collective safety measures to keep workers off from the dangers that could not be eliminated Establish combined effort safety measures for protection Systematically create basic safety inspections ( Hu , 2013 ) . Inform personnel of the risks and hazards to which they are subjected . Adequately educate workers in the utilization of protective measures established Periodically assess all technical measures taken to guarantee continuous development . Outputs High Setting of specifications and general or used on processes or alternatively methods specific administration areas . This model requires to be followed to the later and if any stage is skipped the whole model collapse . Procedures preventive approach requires highly sophisticated apparatus and very costly in the acquisition of protective materials , vehicles , alarm system and all the necessary equipment required for its operation ( Vasilcovschi Munteanu , 2014 ) . There is need for setting specifications and contractual commitments , contracts and subcontracts , to ensure information and coordination on prevention . Inner rules as well as processes for the allocation of staff ( completely new hires or even transforms job ) , guaranteeing fitness ( prior healthcare evaluation ) , working out , needed training , guidance in the work of the job to fill and obligatory information risks in the same . Specifications as well as methods for working with special hazards and formalize work permits . Rules and also operating proce sses essential to enforce fulfillment with preventive measures set up in the standard growth and development of the activity ( research of incidents as well as incidents , basic safety information sheets tasks , etc . Set in conjunction with the specialized office preventive routine maintenance programs and reviews premises , equipment and also facilities ( Heckerman Mamdani , n .d . ). Comparison There first motel shows a centralized way of handling the risk of fire at hand while the second is a structure that has been disintegrated to handle the risk . The current model is structure in stages while the model subject is a way in which without a certain procedure followed will still function normally . No need to improve preventive action . However , improvements should be considered more cost-effective solutions or which do not have a significant economic burden . Periodic checks are required to ensure the effectiveness of control measures is maintained . Risk assessments for which there is no specific legislation : We must use international or national standards or technical official body or bodies of reputable guides . Risk assessments that require specific methods of analysis : contemplating serious risks such as fires , explosions , etc . which they have specific legislation ( Xiao , 2012 ) . Risk break down structure for fire risk analysis Risk break down structure for fire risk analysis This is the arrangement of risks from the top to the lowest by decomposing the highest risks as you move down the structure. The fire station organization It includes: inadequate funding due to allocation of less revenue by the county government of Melbourne and few or no wellwishers input. Activies schedules maybe unorganized or less defined. Unrealistics goals for the organization that may lead to failure. External risks It includes: Catastrophic occurances such as earthquakes or even storms. Weather conditions that might be unfavourable such as windy conditions that spread fire faster and randomly. Workers issues that includes sickness, strikes, inadequate equipments and so forth Technical Risks It includes: Untested technology that might go wrong or give negative results. Performance risks where workers input may be below par. Quality of technology that is not upto the level of dealing with big fire situations. Management risk It includes: Planning of resources and time because these two are important in ensuring that the fire risk is eliminated completely if the allocation is right. Cost estimates maybe overestimated or underestimated whereby the risk of failure is more. Budget and equipments is important in planning ahead and ensuring efficiency operation of the fire brigade station. Risk Analysis A . Category of work routines a preliminary danger evaluation step is to prepare a list of work activities , grouping them in a rational and also feasible way ( De Marchi , 2003 ) . One possible way of classifying function activities is as follows : 1 . Exterior centers of the company Areas . 2 . Levels in the production process or perhaps in offering a service . 3 . Job and structured maintenance . 4 . Projects defined , for instance , forklift wheelers . For each and every work , activity could possibly be necessary to have data , inter alia on the following elements : to . Tasks . Its length and rate of recurrence . b . Areas exactly where work is done . c . Who does indeed the work , both of them long lasting and informal . d . Some people who could possibly be affected by work actions . And . Training programs has personnel had on the performance of his obligations . Qualitative techniques : are characterized by not switching to numerical computations . They can be general methods together with relative methods . Semi qualitative methods : the will need to initiate a quantitative assessment concerning frequencies of occurrence of a particular occasion because they are known as strategies to determining number of occurrence , or epitomized by resorting to a category of the areas of a facility depending on a series quantifying damages index : dangers indices . The following table gives a simple method for estimating the risk levels according to their estimated probability and its expected consequences ( Chen , 2013 ) . Risk Register is an application used in management of risks and also known as risk log. Risk registers maybe either qualitive or quantitive depending on the probalities; qualitive is the level used medium, low or high while quantitive is the numerical such as MFB case as shown below. Melbourne Fire Brigade Risk Register RISK CATEGORY AND THE NUMBER 1. RISK DESCRIPTION RISK CONSEQUENCES RAW RISK (1-5) LOWEST = 1 HIGHEST = 5 MITIGATION/ CONTROL RESIDUAL RISK AFTER MITIGATION/ CONTROL (1-5) LIKELY HOOD(L) CONSQ UENCES(C) L*C LIKELY HOOD(L) CONSQ UENCES(C) L*C INADEQUATE FUNDS 2. Lack of equipments and unable to deliver services promptly Leads to loss of more property and lives due to delayed response 3 3 9 Through policies and national government support more sources of funds are available. 2 3 6 UNORGANISED ACTIVIES SCHEDULE 3. Activities are performed in a disoganised manner lacking priority Leads to loss of important properties or important things are done last 4 5 20 Through use of to do list and project managers the organization of the station can be achieved. 2 5 10 UNREALISTIC GOALS 4. The goals might be too high to be achieved within a certain timeframe Leads to lack of ambition and failure to do things that are necessary 3 4 12 Engaging all the relevant parties before setting goals minimize possibility of unrealism. 2 4 8 CATASTROPHIC OCCURRENCE 5. This is unexpected occurances beyond human being control Inability to reach the desired point in time and increased delay 3 4 12 The forecast technology and having a cushion in case such occurance does happen. 2 4 8 WEATHER CONDITIONS 6. Unfavourable weather conditions such as sunny and windy These conditions acceretate forest fires and leads to uncontrollable results 2 4 8 Using the data from metreological department often. 1 4 4 WORKERS ISSUES 7. Sometimes workers get sick or engage in strikes This may lead to little or no work done that may have dire consequences such as more deaths 4 5 20 Having extra workers and standby employees to help ease pressure if one is unavailable 3 5 15 UNTESTED TECHNOLOGY 8. Technology that is yet to be proved right or effective and is implemented There maybe system failure or lack of co-ordinated work 2 5 10 Making sure that a certain procedure is used before a new technology is implemented. 1 5 5 PERFORMANCE CRISIS 9. This might occur due to demotivated workers or lack of necessary equipments May lead to increased property loss or more deaths 3 5 15 Using incentives and bonuses to motivate workers 2 5 10 QUALITY OF TECHNOLOGY 10. Low quality or outdated technology There times when such a technology may lead to loss of property or machine failures 3 3 9 Ensuring stratergies to implement up-to-date technology are put in place 2 3 6 PLANNING OF RESOURCES AND TIME 11. Where the planning is disorganized and lack a motive There are few accomplished tasks and less co-ordination of to do list 3 4 12 Having personnel specialized in planning such as project managers 2 4 8 COST ESTIMATES 12. Where there are overestimation or underestimation of costs There might be misconception or ill advised activities done due to tese wrong figures 4 5 20 Having accountants and financial analysts look at their costs before estimating 3 4 12 BUDGET AND EQUIPMENTS OR APPARATUS 13. The budget might be condensed and with no ability to accommodate more repetitive and spontaneous activities There might be few accomplished tasks or some situation needing dire assistance left for self results to be obtained. 3 4 12 Devising methods to increase revenue and income and appealing to more well wishers. 2 4 8 Probability index using probability formula P R O B A B I L I T Y I N D E X FREQUENT LIKELY OCCASSIONAL SELDOM UNLIKELY A B C D E S E V E R I T Y CATASTROPHIC I 1 2 6 8 12 CRITICAL II 3 4 7 11 15 MODERATE III 5 9 10 14 16 NEGLIGIBLE IV 13 17 18 19 20 R I S K L E V E L S (1-20) 1-LOWEST AND 20-HIGHEST Since the probability is linked directly to the results of experience, the fact that an event occurs, you can change the probability of others. The process of making data on fire history, explore and further tests illustrates this principle (Zhang, 2013). The probability that event A occurs if the B event has occurred is called conditional probability defined and this definition is consistent, i.e. meets the probability axioms. Conclusion The models used in Melbourne Fire Brigade are effective and are stilling doing great service to the community at large. However, as illustrated in the first model few alterations ought to be done to eensure faster and timely response to fire risk. Also the station has a structure that is ideally focused to the local people and through use of probality index they ought to asses their alternatives in future. The risk register as shown has the capability to summarise data entry and it is easier to retrieve information in future with it regularly visited by any assigned groupor individual. References Chen, J. Sun, C. (2010). Nanoparticles: Aspects of Safety and Risk Management. AMR, 113-116, 222-225. De Marchi, B. (2003). Comments on Ortwin Renn's article 'Hormesis and risk communication': considerations about uncertainity, ignorance and governance. Human Experimental Toxicology, 22(1), 25-29. Heckerman, D. Mamdani, A. Uncertainty in artificial intelligence. Hu, Z. (2013). Preventive Resettlement and Risk Reduction Strategy Analysis in Disaster Risk Management System. AMR, 838-841, 2185-2189. Stockstrom, C. Herstatt, C. (2012). Planning and uncertainity in new product development. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 40(4), 68-79. Tanaka, K., Akimoto, H., Inoue, M. (2012). Production risk management system with demand probability distribution. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 26(1), 46- Vasilcovschi, N. Munteanu, G. (2014). IDEAS in AGORA: Decision-Making Risk: The Difference Between Risk And Uncertainity In Economic Activities. Human And Wang, Y. (2012). International Logistics Risk Management. AMR, 433-440, 3112-3116. Xiao, X. (2012). Business Logistics Outsourcing Risk and Management. AMR, 479-481, 1718-1721. Zhang, L. (2013). Research of Risk Management About Construction Enterprises. AMR, 838-841, 3127-3130.