Animal Abuse Database Administration System - 2501 Words

.According to the AARDAS (Animal Abuse Database Administration System) the four major causes of animal’s deaths include neglect, shooting, hoarding and fighting, followed by torture and mutation. (Evans 1) The abuse of animals is just one of the main rights that as humans we infiltrate. The ignorance of humans choosing to ignore the rights of innocent animals is drastically affecting our society. â€Å"The assumption that animals are without rights and the illusion that our treatment of them has no moral significance is a positively outrageous example of Western crudity and barbarity. Universal compassion is the only guarantee of morality.† (Author Schopenhauer). Animals have rights, and our society continues to overlook those rights by using them in research, factory farming, and holding them in captivity, and these issues must be addressed with all seriousness for the sake of the animals and our society. The history of animal rights dates back to 1824 when a small group from England formed the society for prevention of cruelty to the animals. (Owen 20) This group was formed in response to animals being forced to participate in bull baiting where dogs fought a tether ball. This act of entertainment ended with the tether ball winning while the dog was defeated and injured. The group managed to get the first couple laws passed forbidding cruel treatment such as bull baiting to animals. This was a milestone in animal rights history, and shortly after, the ASPCA (AmericanShow MoreRelatedAnimal Abuse Database Administration System2467 Words   |  10 PagesAccording to the AARDAS (Animal Abuse Database Administration System) the four major causes of animal’s deaths include neglect, shooting, hoarding and fighting, followed by torture and mutation. (Evans 1) The abuse of animals is just one of the main rights that as humans we infiltrate. The ignorance of humans choosing to ignor e the rights of innocent animals is drastically affecting our society. â€Å"The assumption that animals are without rights and the illusion that our treatment of them has no moralRead MoreThe Evolution of Women in Nigeria1310 Words   |  6 Pagescolonialism. He grew up believing in the strong presence males and clearly demonstrates his alpha male character as head of the house. Mama Beatrice and her children is powerless and inferior to Papa. They are manipulated by Papa’s physical and mental abuse. Colonial missionaries and colonizers worked together to convert the people in Nigeria. Missionaries condemned the culture of Nigeria that challenged the â€Å"civil† traditions of Catholicism. However, Nigerian women represented Nigerian culture. AccordingRead MoreAlcoholism And Hypertension : The Rising Concerns Of National And Global Health Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesAlcoholism and Hypertension Introduction Alcohol and hypertension are two rising concerns in national and global health. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2014), 56.9% of adults in the United States have participated in drinking in the last month. Furthermore, 24.7% adults reported to participating in heavy or binge drinking. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that in 2012, 3.3 million deaths or 5.9% of all global deaths were linked to alcoholRead MoreThe Effects Of Negative Family Experiences On The Mental And Physical Health Of A Child1890 Words   |  8 Pagesa child. Numerous researches have been done on the topic and they all come to the conclusion that physical child abuse, sexual child abuse, paternal alcoholism, paternal unavailability, and domestic violence are very important factors in having a negative effect on the health of the child (Wolfe Jaffe, 1999). Often children subject to such domestic violence develop childhood animal cruelty. One can also blame the media (TV and internet) for developing such behavior early in childhood as nowadaysRead MoreEvolution Of Human Microchip Technology2010 Words   |  9 Pagescoated in silicate glass material and implanted in the body of an individual. In most cases, a sub-dermal implant that typically comprises of a unique identity number is used. The implant is linked to several information sources such as external database which at times may contain personal identification number, medical account, allergies, medication and contact information. Microchips might form one of the most tracking materials. According to Ho (2010), there have been debates concerning thisRead More Privatization of American Prisons: a System for Profit Essay8583 Words   |  35 Pagesbelieves that the findings of this paper will show that privatization of American prisons is for the most part an ineffective means to run prisons because it has the potential to cause abuse and corruption at all levels and is done for the sole purpose of profit. Privatization of American Prisons A System for Profit In America today there is a trend in corrections of taking the job of running prisons out of the hands of state and federal governments and contracting it out to privateRead MoreTraffic Safety Essay4727 Words   |  19 PagesThe National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) defines aggressive driving as the operation of a motor vehicle in a manner that endangers or is likely to endanger persons or propertyÂâ€"a traffic and not a criminal offense like road rage. Examples include speeding or driving too fast for conditions, improper lane changing, tailgating and improper passing. Approximately 6,800,000 crashes occur in the United States each year; a substantial number are estimated to be caused by aggressive drivingRead MoreEssay on Traffic Safety4603 Words   |  19 PagesTraffic Safety The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) defines aggressive driving as the operation of a motor vehicle in a manner that endangers or is likely to endanger persons or property—a traffic and not a criminal offense like road rage. Examples include speeding or driving too fast for conditions, improper lane changing, tailgating and improper passing. Approximately 6,800,000 crashes occur in the United States each year; a substantial number are estimated to be causedRead MoreMarketing Proposal Project5597 Words   |  23 Pagespersonal computer and the Internet, are increasingly critical to economic success and personal advancement. According to Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide - a paper published by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) -- more Americans than ever have access to telephones, computers and the Internet. At the same time, however, NTIA has found that there is a significant digital divide separatin g Americans who have access to computers and the Internet andRead MoreRisk Benefit Analysis : A Review3004 Words   |  13 Pagesintroduced. It is also expressed in forms of other notable terms namely benefit to risk ratio, benefit risk difference, benefit versus risk, therapeutic margin or therapeutic index [1]. Benefit risk evaluations are carried out in the modern regulations systems since 1960 following thalidomide disaster [1]. However, it has been in the past decades that both industry and regulatory authorities have started to focus on actual methodology for conducting such benefit risk assessments. On the regulatory side

Fraud Case Study Medicare Claims - 1852 Words

Fraud Case Study: Medicare Claims Carolann Stanek University of Mary Fraud Case Study: Medicare Claims False claims are a parasite to the American health care system resulting in overall higher health care costs. The Department of Justice reported recovering $1.9 billion dollars in fiscal year 2015 from fraudulent and false claims in health care (Department of Justice, 2015). In 2011, fraud and abuse were estimated to add $98 billion to federal spending for Medicare and Medicaid (Furrow, Greaney, Johnson, Stoltzfus Jost, Schwartz, 2015). It is the dollar figures like those listed above, that have necessitated the need for the Office of Inspector General [OIG]. The OIG has the authority to investigate and enforce penalties and†¦show more content†¦Herein, the violations of law governing Medicare, the possible penalties faced and by whom in this office, recommended actions for Sam to take, and safeguards the office may consider putting in place to prevent this from happening in the future in this specific case will be reviewed. Violations of Laws Governing Medicare Criminal Sanctions There are federal health care statutes that federalize fraud violations. A false claim violation includes knowingly making a false statement or representation of material fact or billing for services knowing that the individual that provided the service was not a physician and may warrant charges as a felony or misdemeanor (Furrow, et al., 2015). The Federal Criminal False Claims Act criminalizes knowingly making a false claim to the United States Furrow, et al., 2015). Criminal sanctions can also include aiding and abetting, conspiracy, and/or mail and wire fraud (Liebert-Hall, 2017). Criminal sanctions require proof beyond a reasonable doubt and proof of intent to defraud (Liebert-Hall, 2017). These laws are in place to promote positive and honest billing practices in health care. In the case study, there has been fraudulent activity in this office that would warrant criminal sanctions. There have been claims filed in which patients were seen by an NP but billed as though they had seen a physician, at times, even when that physician was not in the office that day. This is aShow MoreRelatedCurrent Health Care Issues1459 Words   |  6 Pagescontinues to rise each year. Health care fraud is a factor that continues to plague the health care industry. The affect health care fraud has on hospitals, is the increasing cost of medical services. The following research will examine and evaluate how organizational structure and governance, culture and the lack of focus on social responsibility affects on health care fraud. The following research will also include recommendations for prevention of health care fraud, recommendations for change of structureRead MoreThe Billing Of Billing Medicare1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe billing for services not rendered for are ofte n done as a way of billing Medicare for things or services, that basically never occurred. This can involve forging the signature of those enrolled in Medicare or Medicaid, and the use of bribes or as Healthcare calls it, kickbacks to corrupt healthcare professionals. Upcoding of services is the act of billing Medicare programs for services that are more costly than the actual procedure that was done. Upcoding of items is also very similar to upcodingRead MoreUnited States V. Greber Case Summary1729 Words   |  7 PagesCourt Case In the case of the United States v. Greber the defendant was an osteopathic doctor and had expertise in the area of cardiology. Greber had established a business, Cardio-Med, Inc., to offer diagnostic assistances. Cardio-Med charged Medicare for a number of the services. The United States who was the plaintiff in the case eventually indicted the defendant with Medicare fraud as well as mail fraud. The allegations stemmed after Cardio-Med’s system of giving kickbacks from Medicare moneysRead MoreResearch Paper (Bah Fraud and Larceny)1347 Words   |  6 Pagesoverlooked when they do not| | | |directly involve you. This research project explores the common crimes of | | | |larceny and fraud as it pertains inside the military. | | | |Being able to read, ask about and learn the consequences of a common crime is | | | Read MoreHealth Care Fraud Essay1823 Words   |  8 PagesSummary and Conclusion This study sought to answer three research questions. Although the questions have been presented in previous chapters, they are worth presenting again. ï‚ § What are the major federal laws and policies related to health care fraud? ï‚ § How have these laws and policies been used to control fraud, waste, and abuse in federal health care programs? †¢ What are the impacts of these laws and policies on the war against health care fraud? To address the questions comprehensivelyRead MoreHealth Care Reform Law Is Not A Burden On The Medical Providers2123 Words   |  9 PagesFraud has many faces and can be found in almost every industry to include Health Care. In all business aspects, there is always the ten percent that finds a way to conduct business the dishonest way and therefore rules, regulations and laws are put into place to keep the honest businesses honest and provide loopholes for those that are conducting business in the gray areas. In the Health Care Reform Law which was signed into law by President Barack Obama in March of 2010, require health care providersRead MoreStark Law : The Self Referral Law1238 Words   |  5 PagesStark Law is actually three separate provisions that govern physicians’ self-referrals, mostly for payment by Medicare patients; it is also known as â€Å"the self-referral law.† â€Å"The law is named for United States Congressman Pete Stark, who sponsored the init ial bill (â€Å"STARK LAW,† n.d., para. 1). The first phase became effective on January 1, 1992 (Taromina, 2013, p. 83). It prohibited a physician from referring a patient to a clinical laboratory with which they, or an immediate family member, had aRead MoreHealthcare Fraud1818 Words   |  8 PagesFraud is a serious crime that should concern all parties of the U.S. health care system and is a costly reality that the government cannot overlook. While not all fraud can be prevented, by learning about the many different types of fraud, patients can be educated on how to protect themselves from fraud. If we use government programs to inform the public that they can be targeted, the dollar amount for these cases for fraud can be reduced. An informed public and a properly funded FBI will go aRead MoreEssay about Health Care Fraud2076 Words   |  9 PagesHealth Care Fraud: The typically overlooked crime of healthcare fraud has resulted in a significant monetary loss on the part of the American public paying into government run medical programs, as well as private insurance company programs. Historically, we have seen that in any instance where money is involved people have found ways to or at least have attempted to obtain it illegally. Some do it through overt acts of violence such as a robbery. Others choose more covert ways of illegally obtainingRead MoreThe Healthsouth Fraud And Internal And External Audit Failure3212 Words   |  13 Pages The HealthSouth Fraud: An In-Depth Analysis of the Fraudulent Activities and the Internal and External Audit Failure HealthSouth Corporation is one of the U.S.?s largest healthcare companies and is the biggest owner and operator of inpatient rehabilitative hospitals. The present CEO, Richard Scrushy, founded this Fortune 500 company in 1984. It expanded tremendously in the 1990s and received most of its revenue through Medicare. By 1993, it became the largest rehabilitation services company.

Black Economic Structure Free Essays

1) Malcolm X spent much of his life fighting for equal rights for African Americans. Like others, Malcolm suffered from discrimination, economic suppression, and violent acts at the hands of the whites. Throughout his life, he could not escape the atmosphere of racial prejudices, as it existed everywhere from his welfare agencies to school and his family relationships. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Economic Structure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although some form of equality exists today, many African Americans males are still continuously trying to establish themselves in society. As a young boy Malcolm participated in activities where he experienced little freedom. Malcolm was ranked number one in his class and elected class president, which shows that the school system allowed him to succeed to an extent. Malcolm had a dream of becoming a lawyer, but his English teacher quickly rejected his dream and told him he should become a carpenter, which demonstrated that whites were willing to allow black success only to a certain degree. Malcolm eventually came to an understanding that white society allowed progression when doing so did not threaten the established order of white society. Throughout his life Malcolm was seen as a â€Å"pet, mascot, and pink poodle,† which excluded him from society. He was a black student in a predominantly white school who was like a poodle in a family. He was seen as a submissive creature that represented no real threat to anyone. He was portrayed as white society’s model for how blacks should act, but white society didn’t see him as a human being in his own right. Malcolm realized that no level of accomplishment or esteem would break down the essential barrier to his acceptance and success in society. White oppression stripped him of the power and independence a normal man would experience. Although Malcolm experienced great amounts of discrimination, he was still able to succeed and become Minister Malcolm X and lead many civil rights events. In society today, the prototypical black male experience in America is extremely comparable to the life of Malcolm X. Most black men are looked down on because of the various stereotypes that exist in our society today. Many believe that if black men aren’t athletes or rappers, or if they aren’t washing dishes or waiting tables, they have no purpose in society other than being seen as inferior. Each and every day a black man experiences discrimination, but the black men who have goals and aspirations will be the ones who will make a difference like Malcolm X did. Malcolm lived through a rough time, but he still managed to make it as can every other black man in the world. ) Like Malcolm X, Washington too envied the lives of white dues to the simple fact that there was absolutely no limit placed on his or her dreams and aspirations. During his years of adolescence, Washington was very aware of what it meant to be a black man in a white society. With this knowledge, Washington was very optimistic and assured himself that whatever dreams or goals he would accomplish would be the result of hard work and persistence. Washington wrote, â€Å"I have learned that success is to be measured not so much by the position that one has reached in life as by the obstacles which he has overcome while trying to succeed. Out of the hard and unusual struggle through which he is compelled to pass, he gets a strength, a confidence, that one misses whose pathway is comparatively smooth by reason of birth and race. † (Washington, 1901, p 39). Washington believed that if blacks strove to be impressive and distinctive they would be accepted in society. He believed that being black or any race other than the majority was an advantage because there was a better chance of achievement due to the fact that one would constantly try to overcome any obstacles. He believed that through proof, blacks would be connected with the white society. Alongside assisting African Americans in attaining economic success, Washington also had accomplishments in the field of education, in becoming the first black educator at the Tuskegee Institute. Washington was very concerned about forming connections within both the black and white communities, and achieved his goal. I believe his argument is still valid for those who actually want to make something of themselves in life and are willing to go above and beyond in doing so. Unfortunately black males are not always hardworking and persistent in trying to accomplish a goal. They tend to take the easy way out, and in doing so end up with the mediocre jobs unless they are playing professional sports or apart of an entertainment industry. Like Washington said success comes with overcoming obstacles, and I do not think blacks are willing to overcome the many obstacles they would have to face in order to become established. With the many stereotypes of black men, I do not think success would be as easy for the black man because they are already looked down upon from the beginning. ) In recent years, terms such as crisis, at-risk, insignificant, and endangered have been used with increasing regularity to describe the troubles and conditions of black males. The grounds for using such harsh descriptions of conditions that black males face is provided by a broad range of social and economic indicators, all of which point to the undeniable fact that large numbers o f individuals who fall within these two social categories, black and male, are in deep trouble. Many perceive black men as being violent and aggressive law breakers regardless of their true nature. It doesn’t stop there. Some stereotypes of Blacks include being arrogant, athletic, devious, dirty, dishonest, drug addicts, incompetent, inferior, lazy, unintelligent, noisy, passive, poor, primitive, untrustworthy, and violent, and â€Å"having rhythm. † Some black men have some of the same goals and aspirations as the white man, but they too have a deep fear of rejection due to the discrimination they continue to experience in their daily lives. When the black man continuously gets rejected he is eventually going to subject himself to activities just to make ends meet, or he is going to start to believe the stereotypes set out for him. When you have a large group of black men in a society that rejects them, they are going to feel like they have no chance at success, and therefore they will feel like they have nothing to lose. With nothing to look forward to, they are going to unconsciously want to destroy their surroundings. Throughout Malcolm’s he was seen as inferior, and eventually began to feel more like a â€Å"mascot† or pet than a human being equal to those around him. Malcolm had dreams of becoming a lawyer, but his teacher instead told him he should be a carpenter. One of his Malcolm’s teachers laughs at him and tells the class that â€Å"though the slaves have been freed, black people are still lazy and dumb. † When an adult says something like that to a child, the child is more than likely going to believe the teacher and begin to think of him or herself as being lazy and dumb. If a child begins to believe this negative stereotype, their performance in school could be effected, and cause them to drop out. If they drop out they may begin to deal drugs or commit robberies and end up in jail. Dealing drugs or being incarcerated is the perception whites have for blacks today. Media also has a negative effect on portrayal when it comes to representing an entire race of people. No two people are exactly alike no matter what race they come from so there is no way one film can represent all peoples. Unfortunately, many people believe that a certain depiction of black people characterizes all black people, which is certainly not the case. This is very dangerous because this perpetuates stereotyping and discrimination. Any form of media, whether it be a film, TV show, etc. , black males tend to play the role of the poor black man who lives in poverty and usually belongs to a gang. He usually has no goals, and has a mediocre job if he has one at all. They usually dress in baggy jeans with long shirts or â€Å"hoodies† and wear timberlands or sneakers. In media, blacks aren’t usually portrayed positively, and even if they were, many wouldn’t believe that is how blacks really live their lives. For example, In The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, the Banks family is very well off, but many wouldn’t believe that all blacks are well off because 95% of the time blacks are being potrayed as being a threat to society. 4) LaLee’s Kin: The Legacy of Cotton shows the disadvantaged life of residents living in the Mississippi Delta. The documentary shows how living in poverty and the lack of education still effects the lives of many living in Mississippi even though slavery has been over now for hundreds of years. The main character, Laura Lee (LaLee) Wallace, was an illiterate 62-year-old woman who had been living all her life in Tallahatchie County, Mississippi. She had one surviving son, nine daughters, 38 grandchildren and 15 great-grandchildren. On a daily basis she encountered many difficulties from raising her grandchildren to receiving news about her son continuously being put in jail. LaLee received $494 from her disability benefits and sold home cooked meals to workers at the cotton factory to make more money to keep the children clothed and fed. In the movie LaLee said, â€Å"I cry sometime, I pray sometime, I sing sometime. † LaLee and her grandchildren struggled each day in trying to take care of each other. The images of barefoot children playing on abandoned cars outside dilapidated motor homes, and of families who get water for drinking and washing by filling plastic jugs from a hose were unbelievable because it took you back to the times of slavery when slaves really had to wash themselves with dirty water or walk around barefoot. One of LaLee’s grandchildren, nicknamed Granny was a very attentive and intelligent in school, but her grades began to fall due to the fact that she had household chores and had to care for her younger cousins or siblings which left little time for education. Paralleling LaLee’s struggle was Reggie Barnes, the superintendent of the West Tallahatchie schools, who continuously struggled in trying to raise school standards, bring in qualified teachers and obtain school supplies. If Barnes failed to raise the school from its current Level 1 status to a Level 2, the state of Mississippi has threatened to take over. Barnes and his faculty opposed this because they knew the state would not address the special needs of the children. With the illiteracy of the parents of the families of the children the children most likely will never be able to get a great education which will leave them illiterate when they get older. In LaLee’s family the cycle of living in poverty and lacking education is evident, which makes it seem like slavery still exists to this day. How to cite Black Economic Structure, Papers

Advanced Risk and Uncertainity Management

Question: Describe about the "Mfb Melbourne Fire Brigade". Answer: Introduction This task aims at analyzing the risk assessment in Melbourne Fire Brigade through comparison of models. In addition to that the eventual outcome of fire through probality matrix, risk analysis and risk register are used to explain further on the operations and activies of the fire station. The risk structure break down provides a general summary of the whole organization in stages and easier way. The essentials and challenges in the model are pointed out in the course of the paper. Melbourne fire brigade (mfb) Risks assessment models Fig 1 Systems And Simulation Models Risk levels indicated in the table above form the basis for deciding on whether it is necessary to improve existing controls or introduce new ones , as well as the timing of actions : The strategy to be followed in the risk assessment includes the following steps : Danger Identification Risk valuation according to the possibility of becoming accident and the outcomes of the catastrophe Deduct tolerable The Risk Regulation Strategy must include guidelines for : Combat the risks at base Adapt work to the individual , together with the choice of accessories and techniques of work and production , with a view in particular to getting rid of monotonous and recurring work in order to reduce its effects on overall health . Take into consideration the development of technology . Replace the hazardous by involving minimal risk Adopt procedures that put combined effort protection to the individual . Giving suitable instructions to workers ( Tanaka , Akimoto , Inoue , 2012 ) . This plan should be evaluated routinely to make changes if changes in jobs . The company must have for specifications of the Act with an overview of the final results of the Risk Assessment ; Endeavours should be intended to reduce the risk , determining the necessary investments . Measures to reduce the risk should be carried out in a given period . When the measured risk is associated with extremely harmful consequences , further action will be needed to establish more precisely the likelihood of harm as a basis for determining the need for improved control measures ( Stockstrom Herstatt , 2012 ) . Currently Used Model Is Firebrigade Intervention Model Risk assessment model Fig.2 This model inputs and outputs are : Inputs Initial evaluate and periodically each of the production procedures of the business from a proactive point of view . Analyze modern production processes from model , eliminating hazards at their source Control processes from a precautionary point of view . Remove all of the the dangers which can be technically and monetarily possible , setting up plans to eliminate the dangers that simply cannot be today , it may be the average and long lasting . Establish collective safety measures to keep workers off from the dangers that could not be eliminated Establish combined effort safety measures for protection Systematically create basic safety inspections ( Hu , 2013 ) . Inform personnel of the risks and hazards to which they are subjected . Adequately educate workers in the utilization of protective measures established Periodically assess all technical measures taken to guarantee continuous development . Outputs High Setting of specifications and general or used on processes or alternatively methods specific administration areas . This model requires to be followed to the later and if any stage is skipped the whole model collapse . Procedures preventive approach requires highly sophisticated apparatus and very costly in the acquisition of protective materials , vehicles , alarm system and all the necessary equipment required for its operation ( Vasilcovschi Munteanu , 2014 ) . There is need for setting specifications and contractual commitments , contracts and subcontracts , to ensure information and coordination on prevention . Inner rules as well as processes for the allocation of staff ( completely new hires or even transforms job ) , guaranteeing fitness ( prior healthcare evaluation ) , working out , needed training , guidance in the work of the job to fill and obligatory information risks in the same . Specifications as well as methods for working with special hazards and formalize work permits . Rules and also operating proce sses essential to enforce fulfillment with preventive measures set up in the standard growth and development of the activity ( research of incidents as well as incidents , basic safety information sheets tasks , etc . Set in conjunction with the specialized office preventive routine maintenance programs and reviews premises , equipment and also facilities ( Heckerman Mamdani , n .d . ). Comparison There first motel shows a centralized way of handling the risk of fire at hand while the second is a structure that has been disintegrated to handle the risk . The current model is structure in stages while the model subject is a way in which without a certain procedure followed will still function normally . No need to improve preventive action . However , improvements should be considered more cost-effective solutions or which do not have a significant economic burden . Periodic checks are required to ensure the effectiveness of control measures is maintained . Risk assessments for which there is no specific legislation : We must use international or national standards or technical official body or bodies of reputable guides . Risk assessments that require specific methods of analysis : contemplating serious risks such as fires , explosions , etc . which they have specific legislation ( Xiao , 2012 ) . Risk break down structure for fire risk analysis Risk break down structure for fire risk analysis This is the arrangement of risks from the top to the lowest by decomposing the highest risks as you move down the structure. The fire station organization It includes: inadequate funding due to allocation of less revenue by the county government of Melbourne and few or no wellwishers input. Activies schedules maybe unorganized or less defined. Unrealistics goals for the organization that may lead to failure. External risks It includes: Catastrophic occurances such as earthquakes or even storms. Weather conditions that might be unfavourable such as windy conditions that spread fire faster and randomly. Workers issues that includes sickness, strikes, inadequate equipments and so forth Technical Risks It includes: Untested technology that might go wrong or give negative results. Performance risks where workers input may be below par. Quality of technology that is not upto the level of dealing with big fire situations. Management risk It includes: Planning of resources and time because these two are important in ensuring that the fire risk is eliminated completely if the allocation is right. Cost estimates maybe overestimated or underestimated whereby the risk of failure is more. Budget and equipments is important in planning ahead and ensuring efficiency operation of the fire brigade station. Risk Analysis A . Category of work routines a preliminary danger evaluation step is to prepare a list of work activities , grouping them in a rational and also feasible way ( De Marchi , 2003 ) . One possible way of classifying function activities is as follows : 1 . Exterior centers of the company Areas . 2 . Levels in the production process or perhaps in offering a service . 3 . Job and structured maintenance . 4 . Projects defined , for instance , forklift wheelers . For each and every work , activity could possibly be necessary to have data , inter alia on the following elements : to . Tasks . Its length and rate of recurrence . b . Areas exactly where work is done . c . Who does indeed the work , both of them long lasting and informal . d . Some people who could possibly be affected by work actions . And . Training programs has personnel had on the performance of his obligations . Qualitative techniques : are characterized by not switching to numerical computations . They can be general methods together with relative methods . Semi qualitative methods : the will need to initiate a quantitative assessment concerning frequencies of occurrence of a particular occasion because they are known as strategies to determining number of occurrence , or epitomized by resorting to a category of the areas of a facility depending on a series quantifying damages index : dangers indices . The following table gives a simple method for estimating the risk levels according to their estimated probability and its expected consequences ( Chen , 2013 ) . Risk Register is an application used in management of risks and also known as risk log. Risk registers maybe either qualitive or quantitive depending on the probalities; qualitive is the level used medium, low or high while quantitive is the numerical such as MFB case as shown below. Melbourne Fire Brigade Risk Register RISK CATEGORY AND THE NUMBER 1. RISK DESCRIPTION RISK CONSEQUENCES RAW RISK (1-5) LOWEST = 1 HIGHEST = 5 MITIGATION/ CONTROL RESIDUAL RISK AFTER MITIGATION/ CONTROL (1-5) LIKELY HOOD(L) CONSQ UENCES(C) L*C LIKELY HOOD(L) CONSQ UENCES(C) L*C INADEQUATE FUNDS 2. Lack of equipments and unable to deliver services promptly Leads to loss of more property and lives due to delayed response 3 3 9 Through policies and national government support more sources of funds are available. 2 3 6 UNORGANISED ACTIVIES SCHEDULE 3. Activities are performed in a disoganised manner lacking priority Leads to loss of important properties or important things are done last 4 5 20 Through use of to do list and project managers the organization of the station can be achieved. 2 5 10 UNREALISTIC GOALS 4. The goals might be too high to be achieved within a certain timeframe Leads to lack of ambition and failure to do things that are necessary 3 4 12 Engaging all the relevant parties before setting goals minimize possibility of unrealism. 2 4 8 CATASTROPHIC OCCURRENCE 5. This is unexpected occurances beyond human being control Inability to reach the desired point in time and increased delay 3 4 12 The forecast technology and having a cushion in case such occurance does happen. 2 4 8 WEATHER CONDITIONS 6. Unfavourable weather conditions such as sunny and windy These conditions acceretate forest fires and leads to uncontrollable results 2 4 8 Using the data from metreological department often. 1 4 4 WORKERS ISSUES 7. Sometimes workers get sick or engage in strikes This may lead to little or no work done that may have dire consequences such as more deaths 4 5 20 Having extra workers and standby employees to help ease pressure if one is unavailable 3 5 15 UNTESTED TECHNOLOGY 8. Technology that is yet to be proved right or effective and is implemented There maybe system failure or lack of co-ordinated work 2 5 10 Making sure that a certain procedure is used before a new technology is implemented. 1 5 5 PERFORMANCE CRISIS 9. This might occur due to demotivated workers or lack of necessary equipments May lead to increased property loss or more deaths 3 5 15 Using incentives and bonuses to motivate workers 2 5 10 QUALITY OF TECHNOLOGY 10. Low quality or outdated technology There times when such a technology may lead to loss of property or machine failures 3 3 9 Ensuring stratergies to implement up-to-date technology are put in place 2 3 6 PLANNING OF RESOURCES AND TIME 11. Where the planning is disorganized and lack a motive There are few accomplished tasks and less co-ordination of to do list 3 4 12 Having personnel specialized in planning such as project managers 2 4 8 COST ESTIMATES 12. Where there are overestimation or underestimation of costs There might be misconception or ill advised activities done due to tese wrong figures 4 5 20 Having accountants and financial analysts look at their costs before estimating 3 4 12 BUDGET AND EQUIPMENTS OR APPARATUS 13. The budget might be condensed and with no ability to accommodate more repetitive and spontaneous activities There might be few accomplished tasks or some situation needing dire assistance left for self results to be obtained. 3 4 12 Devising methods to increase revenue and income and appealing to more well wishers. 2 4 8 Probability index using probability formula P R O B A B I L I T Y I N D E X FREQUENT LIKELY OCCASSIONAL SELDOM UNLIKELY A B C D E S E V E R I T Y CATASTROPHIC I 1 2 6 8 12 CRITICAL II 3 4 7 11 15 MODERATE III 5 9 10 14 16 NEGLIGIBLE IV 13 17 18 19 20 R I S K L E V E L S (1-20) 1-LOWEST AND 20-HIGHEST Since the probability is linked directly to the results of experience, the fact that an event occurs, you can change the probability of others. The process of making data on fire history, explore and further tests illustrates this principle (Zhang, 2013). The probability that event A occurs if the B event has occurred is called conditional probability defined and this definition is consistent, i.e. meets the probability axioms. Conclusion The models used in Melbourne Fire Brigade are effective and are stilling doing great service to the community at large. However, as illustrated in the first model few alterations ought to be done to eensure faster and timely response to fire risk. Also the station has a structure that is ideally focused to the local people and through use of probality index they ought to asses their alternatives in future. The risk register as shown has the capability to summarise data entry and it is easier to retrieve information in future with it regularly visited by any assigned groupor individual. References Chen, J. Sun, C. (2010). Nanoparticles: Aspects of Safety and Risk Management. AMR, 113-116, 222-225. De Marchi, B. (2003). 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